Jean Galea

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How do Bitcoin Options Work and Should You Trade Them?

Published: January 14, 2021Leave a Comment

bitcoin options guide

I recently wrote an in-depth guide on Bitcoin futures – where I explained that they meet the needs of a certain type of investor that wishes to place sophisticated trades. You do, of course, also have Bitcoin options – which is beginning to pick up ground in the cryptocurrency scene.

Make no mistake about it – options are even more financially complex than futures. But, once you get your head around how they work, they can be a great way to place low-risk, high-reward trades. Put simply, this is because with options – the most you can lose is the ‘premium’ that you pay to access the market.

In this guide, I am going to explain everything there is to know about Bitcoin options. I’ll discuss the specifics of how this trading scene works. Including, how they allow you to make money, the risks involved, and how you can start trading Bitcoin options today.

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Filed under: Cryptoassets, Money & Investing

What is Ethereum Staking? How Can You Start Staking?

Published: January 12, 2021Leave a Comment

ethereum2 staking

As part of its transition from proof of work to proof of stake, Ethereum is now in Phase 0 launch of Eth2, which will be developed and built upon over a multi-year period.

Ethereum 2.0 is a major network upgrade, years in the making, that will increase Ethereum’s scalability, security, and energy efficiency without compromising on accessibility or decentralization. It is also a major upgrade to Ethereum’s native asset: ETH. Ethereum 2.0 will transform ETH as an asset, providing it with attributes of each of the three asset superclasses:
  1. Capital Assets
  2. Commodities
  3. Stores of Value
ETH 2.0 will also fundamentally alter Ethereum’s monetary policy, potentially reducing its annual inflation rate to well below 1%.

This move has big repercussions on the future of Ethereum, but also presents some very juicy opportunities for Ethereum holders and crypto investors at large.

The reason is that by this transition, investors can now obtain returns on their Ethereum holdings by staking their Ethereum holdings.

Staked ETH and ETH staking rewards are locked until the Ethereum 2.0 network upgrade is complete. This transition is expected to evolve over multiple “phases” and may take several years to complete, or may never be completed.

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Filed under: Cryptoassets, Money & Investing

Padel Progress Report – Year 4 (2020)

Published: January 08, 2021Leave a Comment

padel in malta

After playing padel in Malta with my cousins.

Well, what can we say about 2020? It was a real shit show for the whole world really, and my padel journey got heavily affected by the whole COVID crisis and lockdowns.

I started the year strongly, winning the first tournament I participated in. The rest of January was quite tough though, as right when I was hitting top form I got injured during a match and had to nurse my shoulder for the rest of the month, doing physio and recovery work.

I took the opportunity to do some reading and continue watching video tutorials of padel and tennis. I had bought some tennis courses and had then on my todo list for a while, so I worked through those during these lower intensity days. A lot of things transfer over to padel from tennis, but we’re now starting to see the first baby steps in English padel tuition as well, which is a good thing for the expansion of the sport.

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Filed under: Padel

Portugal – The Most Crypto-Friendly Nation in Europe

Published: January 07, 2021Leave a Comment

Portugal is fast-becoming the number one country for anyone involved in crypto, especially long-term investors and traders.

Portugal is located on the Iberian Peninsula and is a member-state of the European Union (EU). It has about 10.2 million citizens, a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of $358 billion (PPP) and features a very high Human Development Index of 0.85.

The road to this state of affairs was not an easy one, and recent actions in the country can trace back to the economic turbulence of the late 2000s. In order to understand what forced Portugal to innovate, we must first consider its economic situation during the past two decades.

While Portugal has had structural problems long before the 2007-2008 financial crisis, its domestic problems were magnified by that turbulent period of time. Its unemployment rate climbed slowly but steadily from around 3.8% in 2000 to around 16.2% in 2013.

Portugal was eventually unable to repay and or refinance its government debt. In April 2011, it applied for bail-out programs from the International Monetary Fund, the European Financial Stabilization Mechanism and the European Financial Stability Facility. In sum, it drew an accumulated $91 billion in financial aid, and eventually exited the bail-out programs in May 2014.

Overall, the 2011-2014 period resulted in an extensive exodus of young and educated citizens to northern European countries as well as a structural real estate crisis similar to the one that took place in Spain. More than 50,000 young and educated citizens a year left permanently between 2011 and 2014.

Thus, in order to revive its economy and to partially offset the loss of productive capital, Portugal passed a series of laws in a bid to become more attractive to foreign investors and expatriate professionals.

These laws are now having the desired effect, and are a great example of how a country can pick itself up from the ashes and thrive against the odds by supporting freedom and innovation.

Portugal is one of the few countries that is forward-looking and is encouraging the immigration of high net worth individuals, investors, and entrepreneurs. This will result in these people having a positive effect in the local economy by spending their money within Portugal. Not only that, they will bring new and bright ideas, and will start new businesses in the country.

See also: Lisbon vs Barcelona

This attitude is in stark contrast to the neighboring country, Spain, which has gone out of its way to punish local and foreign entrepreneurs who want to start new businesses and help the economy. It’s a real pity to see the political situation in Spain at the moment, but hopefully, the politicians will eventually see that the Portuguese model works better and switch course.

Tax Benefits on the Sale of Crypto in Portugal

The main reason for the enthusiasm about Portugal from people involved in the crypto space is that crypto earnings are tax-free in Portugal.

In a 2016 official ruling, the Portuguese Tax Authority analysed the possible classification of cryptocurrencies within certain types of income that are subject to Portuguese tax, notably capital gains, capital income and income from business activities, and decided that, as a general rule, natural persons should not be taxed in respect of gains derived from the valuation or sale of cryptocurrencies, except that, in the case of sale of cryptocurrencies, if they correspond to the individual’s main recurrent activity, income obtained from such activity could be subject to Portuguese tax.  It should also be noted that this was only a partial decision that did not elaborate on other types of income derived from other cryptocurrency-related activities (e.g. mining and farming activities).

Have a look at the 2016 binding information as it’s the most relevant document for crypto investors. The linked document is in Portuguese, but it consists of the Portuguese tax authority’s reply to a direct question about crypto taxation.

I’ll provide a basic interpretation (in my own words, not a word for word translation) for those of you who don’t understand Portuguese:

Cryptocurrencies or virtual currencies are not technically considered money due to not having legal tender in Portugal. However, they can be exchanged, with a resulting profit, for real currencies (euros, dollars, or other) at exchanges, with the prices being determined by the demand for said cryptocurrency.

Thus, cryptocurrencies can generate different types of taxable income:

  1. Gains obtained from the purchase and sale of virtual currency units/exchange from the cryptocurrency to real currency (whatever it may be)
  2. For obtaining commissions for the provision of services related to obtaining cryptocurrency.
  3. For gains derived from sales of products or services in cryptocurrency

This document only considers the first scenario. This is the scenario faced by most crypto investors.

The profits from this activity are candidates for three categories of income types:

  1. Capital Gains – category G (e.g. sale of an apartment, sale of shares)
  2. Capital Yields – category E (e.g. rent of an apartment, dividends)
  3. Professional Income – category B (e.g. consultancy, freelance work)

Category G

Article 10 of the IRS Code specifies the cases that are taxable as capital gains. The key thing to note here is that when the legislator created this law, they resorted to a closed type, meaning that the law is specifically for the items mentioned and nothing else. Since cryptocurrencies do not fall within the specific cases mentioned, and their value is merely determined by supply and demand, therefore we can conclude that they are not taxable within this category.

Category E

This category clearly does not apply to the sale of crypto assets since it relates to yields on capital e.g. dividends, rental income. On the other hand, I would note that the income derived from services such as BlockFi, YouHodler, and other crypto interest accounts would probably fall in this category. The same goes for income from crypto staking e.g. Ethereum staking.

Category B

Here’s the tricky one. Category B relates to the income of a self-employed worker. When a type of income can be classified as of category B or any of the other two categories considered here, category B would prevail. So in this category income can be taxed whether it comes from sales, whether it is capital income, or any other nature, pursuant to paragraph 1 of article 3 of the IRS Code.

To determine whether the income falls into this category, one would need to consider its frequency and the orientation of the activity towards obtaining profits. If the existence of the exercise of a business or professional activity is verified, then the taxpayer is obliged to comply with the declarative obligations contained in paragraph 6 of article 3 of the Code of IRS, i.e. to issue an invoice or equivalent document (electronic invoice-receipt), whenever you sell some product or provide a service.

The reason I say that it’s a tricky one is that crypto traders need to consider carefully whether their activities would be considered professional income or not. Here I would suggest that if you’re in doubt you should consult a tax lawyer. The general rule worldwide is that if trading is your main source of income and you are opening and closing positions on a daily basis you would most likely classify as a professional trader and your income will fall in this category – therefore not being tax-free.

The conclusion of the document states clearly that the sale of cryptocurrencies is not taxable in Portugal unless due to its frequency it constitutes a professional or entrepreneurial activity, which would make it taxable under category B.

In summary, cryptocurrencies in Portugal are only taxable if you do it as a professional trading activity and therefore you need to open an activity as a trader and pay taxes according to your profit, otherwise they are considered non-taxable in Portugal due being unable to fit in any category.

Note that the above is true for individuals but not for corporate entities. If you hold your crypto in a Portuguese company, all the gains from cryptocurrency trading are taxed together with any other profit the company had, irrespective of whether the company is engaged in trading or whether it held the crypto as a long-term investment.

Inheritance Taxes

There is no precedent, specific rules or particular approach regarding the treatment of cryptocurrencies for the purposes of estate planning and testamentary succession in Portugal.

Notwithstanding, certain aspects of estate planning and testamentary succession should be highlighted.  Inheritance tax does not exist in Portugal, but stamp duty may apply to certain transfers of certain assets (e.g. immovable property, movable assets, securities and negotiable instruments, provided they are located, or deemed to be located, in Portugal) included in the deceased’s estate in case of succession.

However, in the absence of a legal amendment or binding information from the Portuguese tax authorities, it may be argued that the drafting of the relevant legal provisions does not expressly foresee assets such as cryptocurrencies, thus excluding the same from the scope of application of stamp duty, which de facto mitigates the need for estate planning with respect to cryptocurrencies.  Estate planning and testamentary succession must therefore be analysed on a case-by-case basis, considering all variables involved.

VAT

In a 2019 official ruling, the Portuguese Tax Authority confirmed the precedent from the Court of Justice of the European Union (Case C-264/14, Skatteverket v. David Hedqvist) to argue that although cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin were analogous to a “means of payment” and therefore subject to VAT, they were exempt by application of VAT exemption rules, which should be consistent across EU Member States considering existing VAT EU harmonisation.

Participating in the Portuguese Crypto Community

You can follow this Twitter list that features many of the big crypto players that are based in Portugal. Please let me know about other crypto players and communities in Portugal by leaving a comment below or by contacting me.

Hard Fork Cafe is a cool YouTube channel dedicated to crypto, although you need to understand Portuguese for that. It’s a good way to practice learning the language though if you want to hit two birds with one stone.

Filed under: Cryptoassets, Money & Investing

Lisbon (Portugal) VS Barcelona (Spain)

Published: January 06, 20212 Comments

Barcelona vs Lisbon

This is going to be a highly opinionated post about my thoughts on Lisbon and Barcelona. It’s written from the viewpoint of an entrepreneur/investor who appreciates the good things in life and is also planning the future of his kids.

I’ve lived in Barcelona for several years and visited Lisbon many times. I have friends who are entrepreneurs and investors who live in both cities. Right from the outset, it is obvious that I can’t probably draw an accurate or scientific comparison between the two cities as I’ve never lived in Lisbon, but I have to do my best with the knowledge I’ve got till now. The whole point of the article is to sort out my thoughts and possibly decide to live long-term in one of these cities.

I’m absolutely in love with Barcelona (and Spain in general), despite its many problems, and for many years have considered it the best place for living in the world. However, while Barcelona’s attractiveness has been declining over the past few years due to several reasons, Lisbon has been gaining a lot of traction. Given that 5 years ago I would have told you that Barcelona is clearly my favorite and that Lisbon would definitely come in at second place, I am forced to revisit the question to see whether the choice is not that clear anymore.

In a wider context, this can also be taken as a Spain VS Portugal article, but I feel that focusing on Lisbon and Barcelona, in particular, is more important, as those two cities have a very different feel to the rest of the cities in each country. While they benefit from country-wide benefits (such as tax incentives in Portugal) as well as problems (Lisbon does not save itself from the red tape and bureaucracy that Portugal is known for), there are many more things that are quite specific to each of these two cities.

Business-friendliness

In Barcelona, it is quite frequent, and it was especially so in 2020 with the pandemic crisis, to see newspaper articles asking whether there are enough help programs for entrepreneurs and businesses.

This led me to realize how the local government has got it all wrong. The question to ask is the following:

Are there too many obstacles to entrepreneurship?

In Barcelona’s case, in my opinion, the answer to that question is absolutely non-debatable. It’s a resounding yes. Anyone who embarks on an entrepreneurship journey in this city is doubly a hero in my view. First to go against the grain and take the big risks that all entrepreneurship necessitates, and secondly for having the patience and grit to deal with all the bullshit one has to go through to legally start a business and maintain it. Not to mention that if they are eventually lucky and good enough to turn that business into a huge success, the government will be the first in line to heavily tax the business and the entrepreneur as if it had some huge part to play in that success.

Spain manages to attract many wealthy expats and entrepreneurs due to the climate, beauty and history of the country, but then discourages them from taking an active part in the economy with high taxes, complicated procedures for operating businesses, as well as the language barriers.

Portugal, on the other hand, is wide open for business. Lisbon has been attracting many expats over the past years, in no small part due to the NHR scheme which I’ve described in a separate article on taxation in Europe.

Taxation

Arguably the biggest reason for the influx of expats to Portugal in recent years has been the NHR scheme which permits retirees, investors and entrepreneurs to receive their incomes tax-free in Portugal for a period of 10 years.

Spain, on the other hand, burdens you with many forms of taxation, including the modelo 720 report which is pure evil.

It’s no surprise that tons of Spanish and expat entrepreneurs, high-income earners and investors are moving to other jurisdictions like Andorra and Portugal. Others who have been considering their options for moving from their home country skip the Spain option altogether.

Hoy justo me ha llegado a mi un mail de un cliente, nuevo, que se acaba de trasladar a Portugal desde España. Quiere que le ayude si/cuando la AEAT lo requiera. https://t.co/6jSpi85Rd9

— Cris Carrascosa ⚡️ (@CarrascosaCris_) January 19, 2021

Portugal does not require any such reporting nor does it levy wealth tax, which is a big relief given that these two things are what most expats feel most burdened by in Spain. If not on the NHR programme, however, taxes are in the same region as those in Spain. Barcelona has higher income taxes compared to Lisbon though.

On the other hand, it is also a valid point to think that the NHR is a kind of trap to lure you in with the promise of no taxation, knowing that once you settle in the country it will be hard to leave once the ten years are up, and will compensate for the lost taxation in early years by spending another 20-40 years paying high taxes in Portugal.

Language

A much higher percentage of Lisbonites speak English when compared to the Barcelona natives. You will find signs in English, contracts can be in both Portuguese and English, and you will have no problem navigating the daily needs if you only speak English. This has made Portugal a hotspot for native English speakers like Americans and British, who are less likely to speak other languages. For Europeans who are used to learning and speaking multiple languages, the barrier is usually lower in Spain, but in Barcelona, you also need to deal with the fact that a lot of the official documentation is in Catalan, including signage. Many times a Spanish version is not available either. For those who are struggling to even learn Spanish, also having to deal with Catalan can be a deal-breaker.

I’m a big fan of learning langauges and have studied both Spanish and Catalan. I’ve found the process very enriching and enjoy my conversations with the locals and being able to communicate easily for my daily needs, but it’s undeniably harder to do things in Barcelona if you don’t speak Spanish or Catalan versus Lisbon if you don’t speak Portuguese.

If you’re moving to one of these countries and learning a new language is one of your highest priorities, then maybe Barcelona would be the winner in this area as Spanish is arguably a much more useful language than Portuguese on a worldwide basis. Ultimately though, once you learn any of these three languages, it’s pretty straightforward to learn the other two as they are very similar in my opinion.

Education

While I would probably send my children to a private school in either of the two cities, I see it as something of an absolute must in Barcelona. Public schools use Catalan as their primary language, giving it preference over Spanish. English comes in a far off third place. Realistically speaking, unless public school students take private tuition, they will not be able to speak English when they leave school. This is a total fuckup in my opinion. I’ve shared my thoughts on the Catalan independence debate already, so I won’t get into that again here, but it’s a well-known fact that there is at least some indoctrination going on in public schools in order to produce youngsters that are pro-independence. That’s another thing that is unacceptable to me.

Turning our eyes to private schools, both cities offer a good selection of options where native English speakers are in charge of teaching most subjects, and where there is a reasonable expectation of a good percentage of students to be international rather than local.

Lisbon wins here, although education is not just about the school experience. I’d say kids and youngsters have more opportunities in Barcelona, especially if they excel in sports and want to take that seriously.

Accommodation

Due to the ignorant leadership of the Catalan government, in Barcelona, there has been little new development in recent years. What I would consider a basic and decently furnished apartment in Barcelona would be promoted as “luxury living” by the local estate agents, with the corresponding price tag.

Lisbon offers many new developments and quality apartments. While the prices are also on the high side, I think if you’re looking at the premium market in both cities, you’ll find more opportunities in Lisbon.

Keep in mind that it is easier to find heating in Barcelona apartments than it is in Lisbon. If you’re stuck with a non-heated apartment, be prepared for a very cold few winter months. Those coming from cold countries think this is a joke until they go through their first winter without good heating. Then they learn the lesson. I would not live in any apartment that is not well insulated and preferably have central heating.

Cost of Living

The cost of accommodation in Barcelona and Lisbon is around the same, but most other things are cheaper in Lisbon. That leaves out online shopping though (more expensive and more of a hassle in Lisbon), so it might be a tie if we factor that in.

Energy costs are more expensive in Portugal. There are also many toll roads, and fuel is more expensive too.

Purchasing a vehicle is more expensive in Portugal.

Air Pollution

Barcelona is the 6th worse city in Europe when it comes to air pollution according to this study. The Spanish capital Madrid is number one while Lisbon is ranked 116th. Therefore Lisbon clearly wins in this aspect.

Weather

Barcelona has better weather than Lisbon for my tastes. I like sunny, dry days with no wind. That’s what Barcelona provides for most of the year. Lisbon, on the other hand, gets windy and wet especially in the winter months.

Transport

Moving around within the city is hands-down easier in Barcelona than it is in Lisbon, not least because of the hilly terrain that Lisbon is famous for. I love cycling around Barcelona on my Bromptons and it’s not much fun to do the same in Lisbon. The cobblestone streets don’t help either. Barcelona has a multitude of transport options available. I can think of an amazing seven convenient transport options off-hand for getting into the center from the outskirts of the city. Transport is one of the things that I’ve never had a problem with, and it’s only gotten better over the years.

One of the few good things that the local government has done is to continue adding bike lines throughout the city, so it’s really easy to move around by bike. Electric scooters had taken over these lanes for a while, but I hear they’re banning them from using the bike lanes in 2021.

Friendliness of locals

This is another nuanced topic. I understand that if you don’t speak Spanish or Catalan in Barcelona you’re going to face an uphill struggle due to the low level of English literacy. You might meet people who get flustered if spoken to in English, although it’s mostly frustration about not being able to communicate rather than unfriendliness. In Lisbon, on the other hand, it’s much easier to find English-speaking locals and that might make it seem a friendlier place.

I can’t complain about the friendliness of people in either location. I have nothing but praise for the people in Barcelona, and I haven’t had enough experience to comment in a deep way about the people in Lisbon. I have noticed a certain resentment by the Portuguese locals towards expats, mostly due to the typically big wage gap and the fact that the government seems to be doing its best to attract foreigners while perhaps giving the locals a raw deal. This resentment is visible especially if you read articles about Lisbon written by foreigners. You’ll always find some Portuguese who write negative comments related to what I just explained. On the other hand, other Portuguese are just as typically quick to jump in and slam their compatriots’ comments and apologize on their behalf, further lending credibility to the idea of overall friendliness of the locals in Lisbon.

One observation that will be of interest to any male single readers is that Portuguese women are sadly not known for their beauty. You’ll find exceptions of course, but in Barcelona, you’ll see many beautiful local women, and it’s just not the case in Lisbon. I’m sure it has some impact psychologically on men whether consciously or subconsciously, so I thought I’d mention it as well.

Diversity

Both Lisbon and Barcelona are cosmopolitan cities, however, I would have to say that Barcelona is hands-down the winner in this regard. It is a bigger city that has managed to draw in a very big percentage of expats from all over the world. Lisbon, on the other hand, historically has drawn in immigrants from Portuguese-speaking territories (the biggest being by far Brazil) and the rest of the nationalities are a much more recent phenomenon. Portugal feels a bit more distant from mainland Europe, not least because of its geographic location and smaller size compared to Spain.

Safety

Lisbon wins this one without any doubt. Portugal is ranked as one of the safest countries in the world, with Spain being quite a way off in the rankings.

I would still consider Barcelona to be generally safe, but there are some important problems that have not been dealt with by the authorities and are becoming bigger and tarnishing the city’s reputation internationally. Pickpockets are everywhere, and I’ve yet to meet anyone who has spent any time in the city and not been a victim at some point. Violent robbery, while almost unheard of just a few years back, is now also a significant problem especially in the center of Barcelona.

We then have the problem of home break-ins and occupation, which is the terror of any tenant and owner. You can read this article if you want to learn more about this topic. It’s a huge problem and the blame for this lies squarely on the authorities for not taking action and in some cases even encouraging occupation (as in the case of Barcelona’s mayor).

Startups and Coworking spaces

Barcelona is a bigger city with a strong startup history, and it remains one of the leading cities for startups in Europe. There is no contest here, Barcelona wins by a wide margin. It seems that everyone wants to move to Barcelona, so attracting talent is not a problem. This ease of attracting talent, moderate wages and the fantastic weather and city serve to attract companies to relocate to Barcelona or startup there. On the other hand, Lisbon is still doing pretty well and improving every year. 365 million euros were invested in Portuguese startups in 2020. Check out the Portugal Startup Scene | 2020 Yearly Report. Also check out the Lisbon entrepreneurs’ community.

Coworking spaces have flourished over the past 4 years in Barcelona, and the city is now blessed by a multitude of big and comfortable spaces where you can focus on work while being served healthy food and even have the opportunity to train within the same complex. I haven’t seen anything that comes close to the Barcelona spaces over in Lisbon, but that can easily change in the future.

Online Shopping

The obvious winner here is Spain. Amazon is a big player in Spain and has driven everyone else to up their game in a significant way over the past ten years. It’s an online shopper’s paradise, with same-day delivery, free returns, etc. It’s really super easy to get stuff delivered and shop online for all kinds of stuff, including groceries and take-out meals. This benefit was especially apparent during the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020, when many shops and restaurants were forced to close or citizens’ mobility was restricted.

Connections

I was thinking about sea and air connections when I came to this point, where Barcelona is the hands-down winner. However, it goes beyond that really. There are certain cities that make you feel like you’re in a buzzing place where things are happening and where people want to live. It’s hard to explain, but I’ve felt it in places like New York, London, and Berlin. Barcelona also gives me that feeling, in fact, I can’t imagine any other place that makes me feel so alive, and I’ve traveled a fair bit.

Your Thoughts?

What are your thoughts? As I said, my article merely reflects my current opinions based on my experience of the two cities so far, and this might very well change completely in the near future.

Barcelona and Lisbon are my two favorite cities in Europe, and I love them both. Lisbon seems to be on an uptrend while Barcelona, on the other hand, is passing through a rough patch and I’m not sure whether the near future will be any better.

Spain, in general, has been following a misguided tax policy that results in most entrepreneurs, investors and higher net worth individuals feeling persecuted, even if they have spent their whole lives following the tax code to the letter and paying very high taxes for the privilege of living in Spain. This has resulted in a drain of the country’s most talented local and expat people to other countries that treat them better. I am seeing this trend accelerate dramatically in the past two years. This leaves little doubt in my mind that Spain’s time is over, and Portugal is where the action will be in the coming years.

Lisbon seems to be attracting many American and British expats in particular. No doubt they’re attracted by the fact that they can speak English in a foreign country rather than having to learn Portuguese. Lots of people from the UAE are also making the move, given that it offers similar tax advantages but arguably a much nicer social environment, better geographical location in Europe and better weather.

I’d love to hear, especially, from people who have lived in both cities, or have moved from one to the other due to specific reasons (whether I mentioned those reasons here or otherwise).

In the meantime, I’ll update my article if I can think of anything else.

Filed under: Life in Spain

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