I learned about chronotypes from sports sleep coach Nick Littlehales. While I’ve never had much trouble sleeping, I have struggled on and off with going to sleep and waking up at the right times.

Your chronotype describes your sleeping characteristic – whether you’re a morning person or an evening person. Chronotypes are genetic traits and are usually easy to spot.

Do you like staying up and going to bed late? Do you need and alarm to get you up for work in the morning? Do you often skip breakfast? Do you sleep in on your days off? Then it’s likely that you’re a PMer.

AMers wake naturally, enjoy their breakfast and love the mornings. They tend not to need an alarm to wake them, they’re less likely to feel fatigued during the day and they go to bed reasonably early.

There is a third category of chronotype – the inbetweener. Many of us genuinely are in-between, but almost all of the population live their lives as inbetweeners, regardless of their real chronotype.

To find out your chronotype and optimize your schedule around it, you can take the Chronotype quiz.

My Chronotype Quiz Results

My result was Lion and it certainly corresponds to my observed energy levels. Over the years I’ve figured out that my best wake-up time is between 6 and 7 am. In practice, most days it’s closer to 8 am, since life in Spain is geared towards late evening and nighttime activities, meaning I go to sleep later.

I’ve also given myself the liberty to sleep as much as my body requires, and it invariably falls between 7.5-8 hours. Afternoon power naps or siestas help me a ton to give me a fresh boost of energy for the evening time, and they do not affect my nighttime sleep at all. I’m not that sensitive to caffeine intake either, so I make use of coffee during the day quite liberally.

I try to sleep between 11 and midnight, anything later and I’m into my red zone and it will affect the following day negatively.

23andme Wake-Up Time Trait

Another supporting piece of evidence for me was the Wake-Up Time trait from my 23andme report, which again shows that I’m very strongly a morning person.

To compensate for less than 8 hours of sleep on certain days I’ll take a (coffee-fueled) power nap in the afternoon.

Why is it important to know your chronotype?

If we were left to our own devices, to get up and go to sleep whenever we wanted, to wake naturally and start work at a time of our own choosing, it wouldn’t matter hugely. But, strangely enough, working cultures have yet to develop with this in mind. Whether you’re an AMer or PMer, you still have to get to work for 9 a.m., you still have to be at training in the morning if you’re a football player, and in this instance, it’s the PMers that suffer because they are effectively trying to operate in a different time zone to their internal body clock. This is known as ‘social jet lag’.

Because they naturally get up earlier, AMers tend to get tired sooner and go to bed earlier too. This means that, when morning comes around, they will have enjoyed plenty of restorative deep sleep and so will be in a lighter sleep state as they approach their wake time. They often won’t even need an alarm.

PMers, on the other hand, will push on later at night, meaning that when morning comes, the alarm often needs to rouse them from an earlier part of sleep (only for the snooze button to be hit repeatedly), and they will spend the rest of the morning playing catch-up. A PMer is likely to lean on caffeine to do this.

Managing your chronotype

For a PMer, daylight on a morning is vital if you want to set your body clock to play catch up with the AMers. Get a dawn-wake simulator, which recreates a sunrise in your bedroom to wake you up, from a reputable brand such as Lumie or Phillips; open the curtains, go outside.

The bad news for PMers is that you should cut out the lie-ins at the weekend too. If you spend all week adjusting your body clock to the demands of your job, then let it all go at the weekend, your clock will drift back towards its natural, slower state, and you’ll be starting over come Monday.

Offices and workplaces should take this more seriously. Instead of having desk hierarchies where the more senior people get the window seats, allocate them to the PMers struggling through their morning and the AMers for their afternoon. Investing in daylight lamps will help both the AMers and PMers conquer their respective difficult parts of the day and increase their productivity, especially in winter, when there is less light.

It’s not all bad news for PMers. They have a natural advantage not only when it comes to enjoying nightlife, but also when working shifts. An AMer nurse working night shifts in a hospital would equally be in need of daylight lamps to play catch-up with their PMer colleagues. The most important thing for either chronotype to find is some harmony with their environment.

For example, an AMer might live with his partner, a PMer, and they both have to leave for work at 8.30 a.m. He gets up and 6.30 and she gets up at 8, but, of course, every time he gets up on a morning, he disturbs his partner. She goes back to sleep, and imagines it’s doing her good, but in reality she’s flitting between wakefulness and sleep.

But what about a compromise that could be made? They both get up at 7 instead, which is a big shift for her, but the AMer makes the breakfast and gives the PMer the space to sit in daylight, to reset her body clock and wake up naturally. It will take a bit of adjusting to, but all of a sudden the couple are working more in harmony. When the evening comes around, it is the PMer’s turn to do her bit, maybe cooking the dinner or doing the washing-up later, when the AMer is tired.

If you’re an AMer, you know you’re at your best in the morning, so you can plan your day to take advantage of this. Let’s say your job involves managing your company’s social-media accounts, some bookkeeping and a lot of communication, but also some of the more mundane realities of office life such as taking the mail to the post office and filing. Presuming you have a bit of freedom in the order in which you do things, you could manipulate your schedule so that you compose all your tweets and press releases in the morning, everything that requires you to be at your most alert, then spend your afternoon taking the post out and doing filing.

Often there isn’t this kind of freedom in our daily work, and sometimes a job to write a press release or something similarly requiring of thought will land on your desk in the afternoon and it has to be done right at that moment. But where we’re able to, instead of spending what feels like forever on getting something done in the afternoon, wondering why it’s taking so long,  just stop and have a think about it. If you’re struggling with it now, come back to it in the morning, when you’re fresher and more alert. It’s the same philosophy with PMers.

Chronotype: 7 Steps to Sleep Smarter

1. Know your chronotype, and establish those of close friends and family.
2. Manipulate your day so you can be at your nest when it matters most.
3. Use caffeine as a strategic performance enhancer, not out of habit – and no more than 400mg per day.
4. PMers – don’t lie in at weekends if you want to beat social jet lag.
5. Fit meeting rooms, offices and desks with daylight lamps to improves alertness, productivity and mood at work.
6. Know when to step up and when to take a back seat based on you chronotype.
7. Learn to work in harmony with your partner if your chronotypes differ.

What’s your chronotype? Has it helped you achieve better performance?

Further Resources

• When is your best time to drink coffee?

One thing I’ve realized during the past 5 years or so is the mind-boggling amount of crap information that’s passed around as absolute truth. Of course, the arrival of the internet only hugely magnified this problem, so we live in an age where it can be extremely difficult to know what’s true and what’s not.

It seems like everyone around is trying to manipulate our thinking, taking advantage of human biases and weaknesses in logic to convince us to believe what they are trying to sell. Politicians do it, companies do it, religious organizations do it, etc etc.

In this post, I’ll list a number of great resources that have helped me in this journey to really understand how things work and cut through the crap. I’ll keep updating this list over the years.

Health & Medicine

• Science-Based Medicine – Discusses popular health-related topics like vaccines, homeopathy etc.
• PainScience.com – All about pain and associated treatments. Learn what works and what doesn’t.
• Examine.com – Research about supplements and nutrition
• FoundMyFitness – More exotic topics well examined
• Athlean-X – Favorite site for building muscle

Science & Philosophy

• LessWrong – Deep resource into philosophical arguments, rationality and logic.
• Skeptic.com – Many topics covered and also a great podcast (Science Salon)
• Skeptoid.com
• Skeptical Science
• Skeptical Enquirer
• Neurologica
• Center for Enquiry
• Snopes.com
• Rationalwiki
• Sloww
• Raptitude.com

I also recommend the Science Salon podcast hosted by Michael Schermer.

Economics & Politics

• Behavioral Scientist – Discusses many current topics from a behavioral science perspective.
• The Library of Economics & Liberty
• American Institute for Economic Research
• Mises Institute
• Libertarianism.org

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Smartphone usage and social media have become very detrimental to our attention spans and the ability to engage in deep work. We are constantly tempted to pick up our phones to get our next dopamine hit by checking Instagram or Facebook likes, or engaging in pointless chatter on apps such as Whatsapp.

The effects of social media and smartphones were the subject of the documentary The Social Dilemma. I have no doubt about the effects of social media and devices. I have got enough of a digital marketing education background as well as practical experience to understand how these mechanisms work in influencing us. I have also recognised that I am not immune to these effects, even though I know exactly how they are pushing me to do what I don’t really want to do.

These days, I keep off any social network. That’s the only thing that works for me. Yes, there are costs for doing so, but those can be mitigated by maintaining a healthy network of close friends who are also well-informed about the world. All important news eventually gets to you unless you live a completely isolated lifestyle. For the kind of news that is related to investments, where there is a strong argument for alpha being available on social media, I have found that being in a curated group of top players in your field of investment actually gives you better results and better conversations. So that is what I am doing now instead. This is also part of my experiment with building online communities.

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In 2019 I ran a little experiment that I described below:

It’s been a while since I abandoned Facebook, and even longer since I stopped reading newspapers and online news sites. Over the past year, however, I’ve noticed that my phone had become a really serious distraction for me.

On several occasions, I have asked my wife to put away the phone so we could have a more engaging conversation, and she’s done the same to me, probably even more frequently. Since having our first child, it seems that we can’t take the phone out of our hands, and somehow it seems justified. We want to immortalize the memories of every little thing he does and then share it with our family on Whatsapp. Things recently got to a head and I decided I need to take serious action about this.

The thing is, our modern-day smartphones keep us addicted in a similar way to slot machines (see video below). We’re fighting a lost battle if we think it’s just a question of having more discipline.

Here’s how I solved this problem.

I love my iPhone 6S Plus (an older model of the iPhone that still works perfectly) and I use it a lot when I’m out and about with my bicycle or car and listen to podcasts or music while also using maps to get to my destination. I also use Calm for meditation and Spotify for music. So getting rid of the smartphone was out of the question. I needed to find a better solution than that.

What I did was resurrect an older Nexus 5 which runs Android OS, which I have since become quite unfamiliar with, plus it’s a slower phone that is moderately annoying to use.

I then moved all the apps that I qualify as addictive onto this older phone:

• Whatsapp (the biggest culprit)
• Instagram
• Facebook
• Wallapop
• Facebook Messenger

I then informed my family that I would still remain accessible via another messaging app, where they could contact me when needed. I work at home so communication with my wife is not an issue, we’re always within meters of each other in our apartment. I check the family group on Whatsapp once a day and that’s enough for catching up with any events of the day and commenting when needed. For more in-depth conversations I have a Skype call with them.

I also set up Freedom.to on all my devices and made sure that social media and other distracting websites are blocked during the majority of the day, so even if I wanted to I would not be able to access them. Again, the idea is not to rely on my weak self-discipline, but to put in hard blocks that will eventually remove that trigger to check updates from my brain.

So far so good, I’ve noticed a huge improvement in productivity and mental well-being after having gone through this process and tested it for a few weeks.

The one remaining issue for me comes from an old friend who I thought would be quite benign: email. With the other stuff out of the way, my email still remained a constantly open window on my computer and something I check frequently on my phone. But while I was on retreat earlier this month and trying to keep off the internet, it immediately became apparent to me how dependent my mood and task list was on email. I kept getting triggered by my brain to check email, and even felt the dread of receiving an email from a problematic person, knowing that if I opened my mail and found his email with the imagined content, it would really ruin my day. I then realized that I actually check the email app on my phone several times and even have the habit of hitting refresh in Gmail even though the app itself refreshes every few minutes itself. That’s how bad my addiction to email is.

That is, therefore, my next target: to become less reliant on email. I plan to check email around twice a day and also make sure that I don’t take immediate action on email requests unless it takes 2 minutes or less. I plan to allocate half an hour in the morning and another half an hour in the evening or afternoon for email. I’ll report on that later after concluding my experimentation.

Related books about this topic

• Deep Work by Cal Newport
• Digital Minimalism by Cal Newport
• Essentialism by Greg McKeown

All great books, but Digital Minimalism really hit the nail on the head and spurred me to try the two phones idea. There are also other ideas that are worth exploring, such as putting your phone in greyscale mode.

Useful Apps

• Screen Time
• Freedom

Let me know what’s your experience with smartphone and social media usage, have you felt addicted and how have you dealt with it?

My education has been quite extensive; built on these three pillars:

• University degrees (3 of them from two different universities)
• Countless courses at technical centers
• Lots of reading on my own

By far the most valuable of the three was the reading I did on my own time and based on my interests and ambitions. It’s what enabled me to build my own business and learn the skills needed to succeed. The rest of the aptitudes I got from my upbringing and people I met along the way.

I largely agree with Bryan Caplan’s view that formal education is mostly signalling. This is the view that school doesn’t so much teach you valuable skills, but helps filter society by which people are smart, conscientious and conformist enough to put up with it. This filtering can explain why schools seem to teach so much useless stuff, yet are nonetheless a requirement for almost any good job.

This way of thinking does not apply to all professions, however. There are several professions such as law and medicine where it would be foolish to think that you can study on your own and attain anywhere close to the knowledge that actually going to university would give you. What I disagree with is society’s relentless push for all young students to go to University as if not going would be a failure in itself. There are only a limited number of courses available at university and an infinite amount of human aptitudes and talents, so if young students feel that no course suits them they should seriously consider skipping University.

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